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Madame Grelaud's French School
Madame Grelaud's French School, also called Madame Grelaud's Seminary, was a boarding school for girls in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania which ran from approximately 1809–1849.〔Lucy Leigh Bowie, “Madame Grelaud's French School,” ''Maryland Historical Magazine'' 39 (1944):141-8.〕 Many prominent northerners and southerners sent their daughters to such institutions to participate in rigorous academic curricula and learn about elite aspects of culture.〔Kilbride 2006, 55-6.〕 The school is an example of the fashionable French-centered education, popular throughout the nineteenth century.
== Background ==
Deborah Grelaud emigrated as an exile from Saint-Domingue in 1793 during the Haitian Revolution. She fled with her four young children: John, Arthur, Titon, and Aurora. After spending a few years in Annapolis, Maryland, she moved to Philadelphia and opened the academy. Deborah Grelaud's husband is believed to have had a position with the successful merchant Stephen Girard, who was known to help refugees of the Haitian and French Revolutions.〔Bowie 1944, 142.〕 Her sons subsequently served as supercargoes on Girard's ships.〔〔John Bach McMaster, ''The Life and Times of Stephen Girard, Mariner and Merchant'' (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1918) 110-234.〕 Many refugees of both the French Revolution and the Haitian Revolution lived in destitution in the United States, despite their previous status.〔Catherine A. Hebert, “The French Element in Pennsylvania in the 1790s: The Francophone Immigrants' Impact,” ''The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 108 (1984): 456.〕 Whether or not Grelaud risked destitution, she and other exiles from Haiti, including Anne Marie Sigoigne and Charles and Marie Picot, opened French schools in Philadelphia to support themselves.〔Daniel Kilbride, ''An American Aristocracy: Southern Planters in Antebellum Philadelphia'' (Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 2006) 58.〕
Grelaud was a widow when she opened her school in Philadelphia.〔 Nevertheless, she possessed the skills to operate a successful school. Grelaud had been a woman of high social standing in Saint-Domingue. She had notable intellect, proficient training in music, and excellent administration skills.〔Townsend Ward, “The Germantown Road and its Associations,” ''The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 5 (1881): 246.〕 There is not a known portrait of Madame Grelaud, however, the artist Henry Dmochowski Saunders produced her likeness on a bronze medallion.〔M. Liguori, “Henry Dmochowski Saunders: Soldier-Sculptor,” ''Polish American Studies'' 6 (1949): 20. A photograph of the possible medallion can be found here: ()〕 Her name has also been spelled “Greland.”〔Bowie 1944, 141 footnote 2.〕
Women's education grew in importance following the American Revolutionary War. The social elites sought the finest education for their daughters as education reflected class and could result in agreeable marriages.〔Catherine Clinton, “Equally Their Due: The Education of the Planter Daughter in the Early Republic,” ''Journal of the Early Republic'' 2 (1982): 41.〕 Philadelphia, a cosmopolitan city of the antebellum era, was an opportune setting for French boarding schools. Both northern and southern elites appreciated the cultured, sophisticated atmosphere and sent their daughters to such schools as Madame Grelaud's. While daughters learned the essentials of being a lady of the elite class, the arrangement encouraged and maintained valuable connections between Philadelphians of high status and southern planters.〔Kilbride 2006, 59-60.〕
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